outlaw: What are the circumstances under which a life may not be considered "innocent"?
This will answer and clear all your doubts, insha Allah.
Before engaging in battles, the Prophet Muhammad (Sal Allahu alaihi Wa sallam) instructed his soldiers:
1. “Do not kill any child, any woman, or any elder or sick person.â€
(Sunan Abu Dawud)
2. “Do not practice treachery or mutilation.(Al-Muwatta)
3. Do not uproot or burn palms or cut down fruitful trees.(Al-Muwatta)
4. Do not slaughter a sheep or a cow or a camel, except for food.â€(Al-Muwatta)
5. “If one fights his brother, [he must] avoid striking the face, for God created him in the image of Adam.â€(Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim)
6. “Do not kill the monks in monasteries, and do not kill those sitting in places of worship.(Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal)
7. “Do not destroy the villages and towns, do not spoil the cultivated fields and gardens, and do not slaughter the cattle.â€(Sahih Bukhari; Sunan Abu Dawud)
8. “Do not wish for an encounter with the enemy; pray to God to grant you security; but when you [are forced to] encounter them, exercise patience.â€(Sahih Muslim)
9. “No one may punish with fire except the Lord of Fire.â€(Sunan Abu Dawud).
10. “Accustom yourselves to do good if people do good, and to not do wrong even if they commit evil.â€(Al-Tirmidhi)
11. It is forbidden in Islam to kill the innocent.
12. It is forbidden in Islam to kill emissaries,ambassadors, and diplomats; hence it is forbidden to kill journalists and aid workers.
13. Jihad in Islam is defensive war. It is not permissible without the right cause, the right purpose and without the right rules of conduct.
14. It is forbidden in Islam to declare people non-Muslim unless he (or she) openly declares disbelief.